Uvavanyo lwe-HTPB kunye ne-CTPB olusecaleni
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- I-HTTPB ilungele usetyenziso Ifuna amandla nokuqina, njengokusetyenziswa kweenqwelo moya kunye nomkhosi. Inika ukumelana okugqwesileyo kweekhemikhali kunye nokuguquguquka kwiimeko ezinzima.
- I-CTPB iyagqwesa kubushushu obuphantsi ukuguquguquka nokuqina, okwenza ukuba ifaneleke kwii-epoxies eziqinileyo kunye nee-composites eziguquguqukayo. Iphucula ukusebenza kwezixhobo zokugcina amandla kunye nezicelo eziphambili.
- Xa ukhetha phakathi kwe-HTPB kunye ne-CTPB, cinga ngeemfuno ezithile zeprojekthi yakho. I-HTPB ingcono kwizicelo ezisebenza kakuhle nezimelana neekhemikhali, ngelixa i-CTPB iyindlela engabizi kakhulu kwizixhobo eziguquguqukayo neziqinileyo.
Ulwakhiwo lweeKhemikhali kunye nokuQulunqwa kweHTPB (iHydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) CAS 69102-90-5; iCarboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) CAS 586976-24-1
Ulwakhiwo lweHTTPB kunye neempawu eziphambili
Ufumanisa loo nto I-HTPB inomqolo oguquguqukayo ngamaqela e-hydroxyl kwicala ngalinye. La maqela e-hydroxyl asebenza njengeziphatho ezinceda i-HTPB ukuba isabele nezinye iikhemikhali, ingakumbi ii-isocyanates. Le mpendulo yenza iibhondi ze-urethane ezinamandla. I-HTPB isebenza njenge-polyol kwiimveliso ze-polyurethane. Ulwakhiwo lungatshintsha ngokusekelwe kwinani leeyunithi ze-cis, trans, kunye ne-vinyl kwi-chain. Ukuba uyandisa iiyunithi ze-cis, ufumana ukuthamba okungakumbi. Iiyunithi ze-trans ezingaphezulu zikunika amandla angaphezulu. Izazinzulu zisebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne-FTIR kunye ne-NMR ukufunda i-HTPB kunye nokubona indlela olu tshintsho oluchaphazela ngayo izinto ezifana ne-viscosity kunye nobushushu bokutshintsha kweglasi.
Qaphela: Ubunzima beemolekyuli kunye nesakhiwo se-microstructure se-HTPB zinokulungiswa ukuze zivumelane nokusetyenziswa okuhlukeneyo, okufana nezincamathelisi okanye ii-rocket propellants.
Ulwakhiwo lwe-CTPB kunye neempawu eziphambili
I-CTPB ineeqela ze-carboxyl kuzo zombini iziphelo zekhonkco layo. La maqela e-carboxyl enza i-CTPB ibe nobuchule kakhulu ekwenzeni ii-crosslinks ezinee-polar curing agents. Uyabona ukuba i-CTPB yirabha engamanzi enokumelana nokubanda okuhle kakhulu kunye nokuguquguquka. Amaqela e-carboxyl anokusabela ngee-epoxy resins, ezinceda ukuqinisa imveliso yokugqibela. I-CTPB ikwanayo nomxholo ophezulu we-cis-1,4, onika ukuguquguquka okukhulu kobushushu obuphantsi. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezifanayo, i-CTPB ine-viscosity ephantsi kunye nokuqhubekeka ngcono.
- Amaqela e-carboxyl kwi-CTPB ayanceda ukuba ihlangane nezinye iikhemikhali.
- Ulwakhiwo lwe-CTPB luyenza ihlale iguquguquka nokuba kwindawo ebandayo.
- Ungasebenzisa i-CTPB ukuphucula ukuqina kwee-epoxy resins.
Itheyibhile yokuthelekisa ngokuthe ngqo
| Uphawu | I-HTPB (i-Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) i-CAS 69102-90-5 | I-CTPB (i-Carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene) I-CAS 586976-24-1 |
|---|---|---|
| Amaqela esiphelo sendlela | I-Hydroxyl (-OH) | I-Carboxyl (-COOH) |
| I-Reactivity Ephambili | Ii-Isocyanates (zenza i-urethane) | I-Epoxy, iiarhente zokuphilisa ze-polar |
| Ukuguquguquka | Iyalungiseka (umlinganiselo we-cis/trans) | Phezulu (umxholo ophezulu we-cis-1,4) |
| Ukuqaqamba | Iyaguquguquka | Ezantsi |
| Ukumelana nomkhuhlane | Iphakathi | Igqwesile |
| Ukusetyenziswa Okuqhelekileyo | I-Polyurethane, izinto zokuncamathelisa, izinto ezibangela ukurhawuzelelwa | Ukuqina kwe-Epoxy, izinto ezidityanisiweyo, ukugcinwa kwamandla |
Ungabona ukuba i-HTPB (Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) CAS 69102-90-5; i-Carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene(CTPB) CAS 586976-24-1 zinamaqela ahlukeneyo, atshintsha indlela abasabela ngayo kunye neemveliso onokuzenza ngazo.
Iipropati ze-HTPB (i-Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) CAS 69102-90-5; i-Carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) CAS 586976-24-1
Iipropati zoomatshini
Ungabona ukuba i-HTPB ikunika izixhobo eziqinileyo neziguquguqukayo. Inwebeka kakuhle, ingakumbi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. I-CTPB ikwanika ukuguquguquka, kodwa ayoluki kakhulu njenge-HTPB xa kubanda. Ukuba ufuna izinto ezihlala ziqinile kwaye zingaphuki lula, i-HTPB isebenza ngcono. I-CTPB inceda ekwenzeni izinto ezifana nezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo kunye nezixhobo zokugcina amandla, kodwa ayifani namandla e-HTPB xa kubanda.
Uzinzo lweThermal kunye neeKhemikhali
Kufuneka wazi indlela ezi zinto ezisingatha ngayo ubushushu. Le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa indlela i-HTPB kunye ne-CTPB ezithelekiswa ngayo:
| Ipropati | I-HTTPB | I-CTPB |
|---|---|---|
| Uzinzo lobushushu | Phezulu | Iphakathi |
| Ukwandiswa kobushushu obuphantsi | Ngcono | Ezantsi |
| Iimpawu zokulwa nokwaluphala | Ephakamileyo | Ingaphantsi |
I-HTPB iyakwazi ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kwaye ihlala ixesha elide. I-CTPB isebenza kakuhle, kodwa ayixhathisi ubushushu nokwaluphala njenge-HTPB.
Ukusabela kwakhona kunye nokuziphatha okuphilisayo
Uza kufumanisa ukuba i-HTPB kunye ne-CTPB zisabela kwiikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo. I-HTPB isabela kwii-isocyanates ukuze yenze iibhondi ze-urethane eziqinileyo. I-CTPB isabela kwii-resin ze-epoxy okanye ii-isocyanates, nto leyo ekuvumela ukuba uzisebenzise ngeendlela ezininzi. Nantsi indlela ezinyanga ngayo:
| Uhlobo lwePolymer | Iarhente yokunyanga | Iimeko zokuphendula | Iziphumo eziphambili |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-HTTPB | Ii-ether zeDiglycidyl | 80–120°C kangangeeyure ezi-2–4 | Ukugqitywa kokuvala okupheleleyo, i-viscosity elawulwayo |
| I-CTPB | I-Epichlorohydrin | Ilawulwa yi-NaOH | Iimveliso ezipheliswe yi-epoxy, i-viscosity ephantsi |
Ungasebenzisa i-HTPB (i-Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) I-CAS 69102-90-5I-Carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) CAS 586976-24-1 ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuba amaqela azo asabela kwiiarhente ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga. Oku kukunika ukhetho lokwenza izinto eziqinileyo, eziguquguqukayo, okanye eziqinileyo.
Ukusebenza kwizicelo ze-HTPB (Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) CAS 69102-90-5; Carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) CAS 586976-24-1
Izicelo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwe-HTTPB
Uza kufumana I-HTTPB kumashishini amaninziI-Aerospace kunye nokhuselo zisebenzisa i-HTPB ngenxa yeempawu zayo eziqinileyo neziguquguqukayo. Ungayibona kwii-rocket propellants, ii-coating, i-adhesives, kunye ne-sealants. I-HTPB isebenza kakuhle kwezi ndawo kuba ihlala iguquguqukayo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kwaye imelana neekhemikhali. Ungasebenzisa i-HTPB kwiimveliso zoshishino ezifuna ukuhlala ixesha elide.
Nantsi itheyibhile ebonisa apho ungayisebenzisa khona i-HTPB kunye nendlela olinganisa ngayo ukusebenza kwayo:
| Iindawo zoSetyenziso | IiMetriki zoKusebenza |
|---|---|
| Inqwelo-moya kunye noKhuselo | Ukuguquguquka kobushushu obuphantsi |
| Izicelo zeShishini | Uzinzo lwe-Hydrolytic |
| Ukumelana neekhemikhali | |
| Iimpawu zoomatshini zokusetyenziswa ngakunye | |
| Ukuhanjiswa komphunga ophantsi |
Ungalinganisa ukusebenza kwe-HTPB ngovavanyo oluninzi. Umzekelo, kwi-aerospace nakwi-defense, ukhangela ukunamathela okuphezulu, ukufunxwa kwamanzi okuncinci, kunye nokumelana okunamandla neekhemikhali. I-HTPB ikwagcina ukukhanya kwayo nombala wayo nokuba sele ichithe ixesha elide elangeni okanye kwimozulu.
Nazi ezinye zeziphumo eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza kwe-HTPB kwi-aerospace kunye nokhuselo:
| Imilinganiselo yokusebenza | Ixabiso |
|---|---|
| Uvavanyo lokuncamathela (ASTM D3359) | 5B |
| Ukumelana neekhemikhali (ipetroli yeJP-8) | Ukwanda komthamo |
| Ukugcinwa kweGloss (i-QUV weathering) | > 90% emva kweeyure ezili-1,000 |
| I-Tg ephantsi | -75°C |
| Izinga lokufunxa amanzi | |
| Amandla eDielectric | > 20 kV/mm |
| Izinga lokuGqobhoka (iindawo ezinetyuwa) | |
| Ukunciphisa Ubunzima (ukuvezwa yityuwa) | Ukunciphisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% |
Ungasebenzisa i-HTPB kwiingubo zomkhosi ezifihla ubuso. Ezi ngubo zinceda ukufihla izithuthi kwiikhamera ze-infrared. Ungasebenzisa ne-HTPB ukukhusela iifayibha ze-optical kunye nee-sensors ze-elektroniki. Igcina amanzi engangeni kwaye ivumela isandi ukuba sidlule, nto leyo ibalulekileyo kwiintambo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi.
Icebiso: Ukuba ufuna izinto ezihlala ziqinile kwaye ziguquguquka kwiimeko ezinzima, i-HTPB lukhetho olufanelekileyo.
Izicelo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwe-CTPB
Uza kufumana I-CTPB kwiimveliso ekufuneka ziqine kwaye ziguquguquke. I-CTPB isebenza kakuhle kwii-epoxy resins, ii-adhesives, ii-composite propellants, kunye nee-elastomers. Ungasebenzisa i-CTPB ukwenza izinto ezimelana nokuqhekeka nokufunxa amandla ngexesha lokubetha.
Nantsi itheyibhile ebonisa apho ungayisebenzisa khona i-CTPB kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo:
| Indawo yesicelo | Idatha yokuSebenza |
|---|---|
| IiResins ze-Epoxy eziqinileyo | Amandla okuqhekeka ayanda ukusuka kwi-100–200 J/m² ukuya kwi-500–1,500 J/m² nge-10–20% CTPB |
| Izinto ezikhuthazayo eziqinileyo ezidityanisiweyo | Amandla okutsalwa kwe-0.5–1.5 MPa, ubude be-30–80%, i-Isp ye-240–260 s, amazinga okutsha yi-5–15 mm/s kwi-7 MPa |
| Izincamathelisi ze-Epoxy kwi-Aerospace | Ukumelana nokufuma okuphuculweyo, uxinzelelo oluphezulu ukusuka ekucinezelekeni ukuya ekusileleni, i-GIC ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,500 J/m² |
| IiNethiwekhi eziDibeneyo | Imoduli yokugcina (E') ye-1–10 MPa kwi-25°C, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200 MPa yezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo kakhulu |
| Ii-Elastomers | Amandla okutsalwa kwe-2–5 MPa (engazaliswanga), ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15 MPa kunye nezizalisi, ukuqina kokuqhekeka yi-0.5–3.0 MPa·m^0.5 |
Ungabona ukuba i-CTPB yenza ii-epoxy resins zibe lukhuni ngakumbi. Ukuba wongeza i-CTPB, i-resin inokufunxa amandla amaninzi ngaphambi kokuba iqhekeke. Oku kunceda kwii-adhesives ze-aerospace kunye nezinto ezidityanisiweyo. I-CTPB ikwanceda ii-propellants ukuba zitshise ngokulinganayo kwaye zinika amandla amahle kunye nokuguquguquka.
Qaphela: Ukuba ufuna ukuphucula ukuqina kwe-epoxy okanye ufuna i-elastomer eguquguqukayo, i-CTPB lukhetho oluqinileyo.
Uhlalutyo lokuThelekisa ukusebenza
Ungathelekisa i-HTPB kunye ne-CTPB ngokujonga amandla azo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa. I-HTPB ikunika ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, ukumelana okunamandla kweekhemikhali, kunye nokusebenza okuhlala ixesha elide. Uza kubona i-HTPB kwiinqwelomoya, ukhuselo, kunye neengubo zemizi-mveliso. Imelana nemozulu embi, iikhemikhali, kunye namanzi.
I-CTPB ikunika ukuqina okungcono kunye nokuguquguquka kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Uza kufumana i-CTPB kwii-epoxies eziqinileyo, ii-adhesives, kunye nee-propellants. Inceda izinto ezifunxa amandla kwaye zixhathise ukuqhekeka. I-CTPB ikwasebenza kakuhle kwii-elastomers eziguquguqukayo kunye neenethiwekhi ezidityanisiweyo.
Nantsi itheyibhile yesishwankathelo ukukunceda uthelekise:
| Uphawu/Ityala lokusetyenziswa | I-HTTPB | I-CTPB |
|---|---|---|
| Ukuguquguquka | Phezulu, ingakumbi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi | Iphezulu kakhulu, ingakumbi kwi-elastomers |
| Ukumelana neekhemikhali | Ephakamileyo | Kulungile |
| Ukuqina | Kulungile | Igqwesile kwii-epoxies kunye nee-adhesives |
| Ukumelana nemozulu | Igqwesile | Iphakathi |
| Umqobo wokufuma | Unamandla | Ukuphuculwa kwezinto zokuncamathelisa |
| Izicelo eziqhelekileyo | Iingubo zeenqwelo-moya, iipropellants, ii-sealants | Ukuqinisa i-epoxy, izinto zokuncamathelisa, izinto ezibangela ukurhawuzelelwa |
Kuya kufuneka ukhethe i-HTPB ukuba ufuna izinto ezihlala ixesha elide kwiindawo ezinzima nezimelana neekhemikhali. Kuya kufuneka ukhethe i-CTPB ukuba ufuna ukwenza izinto eziqinileyo neziguquguqukayo okanye ukuphucula ukusebenza kwee-epoxies kunye nezincamathelisi.
Ungabona ukuba i-HTPB (Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) CAS 69102-90-5; i-Carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene(CTPB) CAS 586976-24-1 nganye inamandla awodwa. Ukhetho lwakho luxhomekeke kwinto oyifunayo kwiprojekthi yakho.
Iingenelo kunye nokungalungi kwe-HTPB (i-Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) CAS 69102-90-5; i-Carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) CAS 586976-24-1
Izinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zeHTTPB
Xa usebenzisa i-HTPB, ufumana iingenelo ezininzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
Iingenelo:
- Ungayonyusa amandla okubopha kunye nokuguquguquka kwezinto zokuncamathelisa.
- I-HTPB iphucula ukunamathela kunye nokuqina xa uyifakela kwiipeyinti.
- Ufumana ukuqina kunye nokuthamba kwiimveliso zerabha.
- Amacandelo eenqwelo-moya kunye nawomkhosi axhomekeke kwi-HTPB kwiibhanti zepetroli kwiipropellants zerokhethi eziqinileyo.
- Ungasebenzisa i-HTPB njengesilungisi seplastiki ukwenza izinto zibe nzima kwaye zihlale ixesha elide.
- I-HTPB isebenza kakuhle kwiingubo kunye nee-sealants.
Iingxaki:
- I-HTPB ingabiza ngaphezu kwezinye iindlela.
- Ufanele uyiphathe ngononophelo kuba isabela kumswakama.
- Ngamanye amaxesha, ungabona ukuhambelana okulinganiselweyo nezinye izinto eziphilisayo.
Icebiso: Gcina i-HTPB kwindawo eyomileyo ukuze umgangatho wayo uhlale uphezulu.
Iingenelo kunye neeNgxaki ze-CTPB
I-CTPB ikwakunika iingenelo ezikhethekileyo, ingakumbi kwizinto eziguquguqukayo neziqinileyo.
Iingenelo:
- Ufumana ukuguquguquka okugqwesileyo kobushushu obuphantsi.
- I-CTPB inceda ekuqiniseni ii-epoxy resins kunye nee-adhesives.
- Inika ukucutshungulwa okuhle ngenxa yokuba incinci kakhulu.
- Ungasebenzisa i-CTPB kwizixhobo zokugcina amandla kunye nezinto ezidityanisiweyo eziphambili.
Iingxaki:
- I-CTPB ayixhathisi ubushushu nokwaluphala kunye ne-HTPB.
- Usenokufumanisa ukuba ayisebenzi kakuhle kwiindawo ezineekhemikhali ezinzima.
- Ngamanye amaxesha, i-CTPB inika amandla aphantsi oomatshini xa kuthelekiswa ne-HTPB.
Ukufaneleka Kweemeko Zokusetyenziswa Ezithile
| Sebenzisa ityala | Ukhetho oluBalaseleyo | Isizathu |
|---|---|---|
| Izinto eziqhuba iirokethi | I-HTTPB | Ukubopha okuphezulu kunye nokuqina |
| IiResins ze-Epoxy eziqinileyo | I-CTPB | Iphucula ukuqina kunye nokuguquguquka |
| Iingubo/IiSealants zeMizi-mveliso | I-HTTPB | Ukumelana kakuhle kweekhemikhali kunye nemozulu |
| Ii-Elastomers eziguquguqukayo | I-CTPB | Ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kobushushu obuphantsi |
| Izinto zokugcina amandla | I-CTPB | Ukusebenziseka kakuhle kunye nokuguquguquka |
Kufuneka ulungelelanise izinto ozikhethileyo neemfuno zeprojekthi yakho. I-HTPB isebenza kakuhle ekuqiniseni nasekuqineni. I-CTPB ifanelekile xa ufuna ukuguquguquka nokuqina kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
Iindleko, ukuFumaneka, kunye nezinto eziqwalaselwayo kwi-HTPB (Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) CAS 69102-90-5; Carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) CAS 586976-24-1
Ukufumaneka kweMarike
Ungazifumana zombini i-HTPB kunye ne-CTPB kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Ababoneleli eMntla Melika, eYurophu, nase-Asia-Pacific banikezela ngezi zixhobo. Olu lwazi lubanzi luthetha ukuba ungazifumana kwiprojekthi yakho phantse naphi na. Nantsi itheyibhile ebonisa apho ungazifumana khona i-HTPB kunye ne-CTPB:
| Ummandla | Amazwe Agutyungelweyo |
|---|---|
| amantla Emelika | I-United States, iKhanada, iMexico |
| iYurophu | IJamani, iUnited Kingdom, iFransi, iItali, iSpain, iBeNeLux, iRashiya |
| iAsia-Pacific | China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam |
Ungabona ukuba ezi ndawo zinemizi-mveliso enamandla yeekhemikhali. Oku kukunceda ufumane izixhobo nenkxaso eqhubekayo.
Uthelekiso lweendleko
I-HTTPB idla ngokubiza ngaphezulu kune-CTPB. Uhlawula ngaphezulu kwi-HTPB kuba icocekile kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa ngokukodwa, njengakwii-rocket propellants. I-CTPB idla ngokubiza kancinci kwaye isebenza kakuhle kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu, ezifana nokwenza izincamathelisi eziqinileyo okanye ii-composites eziguquguqukayo. Kuya kufuneka ujonge amaxabiso kubaboneleli abahlukeneyo. Amaxabiso anokutshintsha ngokusekelwe kumgangatho, ubungakanani beodolo, kunye nokuthunyelwa.
Icebiso: Ukuba ufuna izinto zokusetyenziswa ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ungafuna ukutyala imali kwi-HTPB. Kwiiprojekthi ezixabisa kakhulu, i-CTPB inokukongela imali.
Ukuphatha kunye noKhuseleko
Kufuneka uphathe zombini i-HTPB kunye ne-CTPB ngononophelo. Nxiba iiglavu kunye neeglasi zokukhusela ulusu lwakho namehlo. Gcina ezi khemikhali kwizikhongozeli ezivaliweyo kude nobushushu kunye nelanga. I-HTPB isabela kumswakama, ngoko ke yigcine yomile. I-CTPB inokucaphukisa ulusu lwakho ukuba uyayichukumisa. Soloko ufunda iphepha ledatha yokhuseleko ngaphambi kokuba uqale umsebenzi wakho.
Qaphela: Ukuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo kugcina wena neqela lakho nisempilweni kwaye kunceda iprojekthi yakho iphumelele.
Uyabona ukuba i-HTPB ikunika amandla nokuqina, ngelixa i-CTPB ikunika ukuguquguquka nokuqina. Khetha i-HTPB kwiindawo ezinobungozi okanye ukumelana neekhemikhali. Khetha i-CTPB yee-epoxies eziqinileyo okanye ii-composites eziguquguqukayo. Khumbula, iprojekthi yakho ifuna ukukhokelwa lukhetho lwakho olufanelekileyo.
FAQ
Yintoni umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-HTPB kunye ne-CTPB?
Uyabona i-HTPB inamaqela esiphelo se-hydroxyl. I-CTPB inamaqela esiphelo se-carboxyl. Oku kutshintsha indlela osebenzisa ngayo kwaye ulungisa ngayo yonke into.
Ngaba ungadibanisa i-HTPB kunye ne-CTPB kwisicelo esinye?
Ungazixuba, kodwa kufuneka ujonge ukuba ziyahambelana na. Nganye isabela kakuhle kwiiarhente ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga. Vavanya ngaphambi kokuba uzisebenzise kwiprojekthi yakho.
Zeziphi izinto omele uzikhethele kwiindawo ezibandayo?
Kuya kufuneka ukhethe i-CTPB. Ihlala iguquguquka xa amaqondo obushushu esezantsi. I-HTPB iyasebenza, kodwa i-CTPB ikunika ukumelana nokubanda okungcono.