Ua maʻalahi nā ʻokoʻa o Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70
Nā Manaʻo Koʻikoʻi
- ʻO Fullerene C60 ʻoi aku ka paʻa a me ka nui, ʻoiai ʻo C70 he mau waiwai kū hoʻokahi e pono ai i nā noi holomua.
- He ʻano poepoe ko C60 me 60 mau ʻātoma kalapona, ʻoiai ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ʻo C70 me 70 mau ʻātoma kalapona, e hoʻopilikia ana i kā lākou hana pane a me ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama.
- He mea nui nā hoʻohana ʻana o nā fullerenes ʻelua i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka ʻenehana, me C60 e ʻoi aku ana i nā noi niho a me C70 i nā pūnaewele lā hana kiʻekiʻe.
Nā ʻokoʻa kūkulu o Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70
Hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka nui
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70 ma ka nānā ʻana i ko lākou mau ʻano a me nā nui. Hoʻokumu ʻo C60 i kahi ʻano i kapa ʻia he truncated icosahedron. Ua like kēia ʻano me kahi pōpō pôpeku, me 12 pentagons a me 20 hexagons. Hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ʻo C70 i loko o kahi pā ellipsoidal, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi a ʻaʻole poepoe ma mua o C60. Loaʻa iā ia he 12 pentagons a me 25 hexagons. ʻO ka nui o C60 ma kahi o 0.7 nanometers ke keʻa. ʻO ke ana o C70 ma kahi o 0.71 nanometers ma 0.79 nanometers, e hoʻonui iki aʻe ana i ka oval.
Eia kahi papa e hōʻike ana i kēia mau ʻokoʻa:
| ʻO ka poʻe Fullers | Helu o nā ʻĀtoma Kalapona | Anahonua | Nā kikoʻī o ke ʻano |
|---|---|---|---|
| C60 | 60 | ʻIcosahedron i ʻoki ʻia | 12 pentagona + 20 hexagons, ~0.7 nm |
| C70 | 70 | ʻAno o ka hale paʻahao Ellipsoidal | 12 pentagons + 25 hexagons, ~0.71 nm × ~0.79 nm |
Manaʻo kōkua: Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomanaʻo he poepoe ʻo C60 e like me ka pōpō, ʻoiai ʻo C70 ua ʻoi aku ke ʻano e like me ka pōpō rugby.
Hoʻonohonoho Molekala
Ke nānā pono ʻoe i ka hoʻonohonoho molekala, ʻike ʻoe e hoʻohana ana ʻo Fullerene C60 lāua ʻo Fullerene C70 i nā ʻātoma kalapona e kūkulu i ko lākou mau hale paʻa. Hoʻololi ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana o kēia mau ʻātoma i nā waiwai o kēlā me kēia molekala. ʻOi aku ka symmetry o C60, ʻo ia ka mea e ʻoi aku ai ka paʻa. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka symmetry o C70 no ka mea e kīkoʻo ana a hoʻohui i nā hexagons hou aʻe. Hoʻopilikia kēia loli i ka symmetry i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā molekala.
Eia kahi papa e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā pentagons a me nā hexagons:
| ʻO ka poʻe Fullers | Helu o nā ʻĀtoma Kalapona | Anahonua | Pentagon | Nā Hexagon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C60 | 60 | ʻIcosahedron i ʻoki ʻia | 12 | 20 |
| C70 | 70 | ʻAno o ka hale paʻahao Ellipsoidal | 12 | 25 |
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa ma kahi papa inoa maʻalahi:
- He 12 pentagon a me 20 hexagon ko C60.
- Loaʻa iā C70 he 12 pentagons a me 25 hexagons.
ʻO nā hexagons keu ma C70 e uhaʻi i ka symmetry i loaʻa ma C60. Hoʻololi kēia kaʻina hana i nā waiwai uila a hoʻolilo iā C70 i ka mālamalama ma luna o kahi ākea ākea. Hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka ʻikepili spectroscopic e aʻo i kēia mau loli. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana mai C60 a i C70 e pili ana i ka uhaki ʻana i ka symmetry, kahi e kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo pehea e hana ʻia ai nā cages fullerene nui.
Nānā: Hana ʻo C60 lāua ʻo C70 ma ke ʻano he mau mea ʻae uila. Hōʻike lākou i nā kūlana redox he nui a omo ikaika i ka spectrum UV-ʻike ʻia. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona e hoʻohana pono ai iā lākou i nā cell solar a me nā mea uila ʻē aʻe.
He ʻano a me nā hoʻonohonoho kūikawā ko Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70. Kōkua kēia mau ʻokoʻa iā ʻoe e koho i ka molekala kūpono no kāu papahana.
Nā Waiwai Kino a me Kemika o Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70
Paʻa
E noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe i ke kūpaʻa o kēia mau molekala. Hōʻike ʻo Fullerene C60 lāua ʻo Fullerene C70 kūpaʻa ikaika, ʻoiai ke mālama ʻoe iā lākou mai ka mālamalama ikaika a i ʻole ka wela. ʻO kā lākou mau ʻano hana like me ka hale paʻahao e kōkua iā lākou e pale aku i ka haki ʻana. Ke hoʻomālamalama ʻoe iā lākou i ka wai, mālama nā ʻano ʻelua i kā lākou omo UV-vis kokoke i ʻole i loli no ʻelima mau hola. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ʻaʻole lākou e haki maʻalahi ma lalo o ka mālamalama. Kāhea nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēia waiwai he photostability. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hilinaʻi i nā fullerenes ʻelua e mālama i ko lākou ʻano i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua he nui.
Nānā: ʻO ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka photostability e hoʻolilo i kēia mau fullerenes i mea pono i nā cell solar a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe e pono ai ke mau no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Ka hana hou ʻana
E ʻike ʻoe e hana like ana ʻo Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70 me nā kemika ʻē aʻe ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻopilikia ke ʻano a me ka symmetry o kēlā me kēia mole i ke ʻano o kā lākou hana ʻana. He ʻano poepoe ko C60 a he symmetry kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi kēia i nā wahi liʻiliʻi no nā hana kemika e hana ʻia. He ʻano lōʻihi ko C70 me ka symmetry haʻahaʻa. Hoʻokumu kēia i nā kiko hou aʻe no nā hana.
Ke hoʻohui ʻoe i hoʻokahi hui kemika iā C60, loaʻa iā ʻoe ʻelua wale nō isomers hiki. Me C70, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa a hiki i ʻewalu isomers. Hōʻike ka papa ma lalo nei i kēia ʻokoʻa:
| ʻAno Fullerene | Nā Isomers Monoaddition | Multiaddition Regioselectivity |
|---|---|---|
| C60 | 2 (1,2 a me 1,4) | Haʻahaʻa regioselectivity |
| C70 | 8 (1,2 a me 5,6) | Nā regioisomers paʻakikī i hoʻokumu ʻia |
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike e hana ana ʻo C70 i nā huahana paʻakikī ke hoʻopili ʻoe me nā kemika ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia ka mea e pono ai ʻo C70 ke makemake ʻoe e hana i nā mea hou me nā waiwai kūikawā.
Ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia
E nīnau paha ʻoe pehea ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o kēia mau fullerene i nā wai. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70 i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik e like me toluene a me benzene. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o C60 ma mua o C70. Hōʻike ka papa ma lalo nei i ka nui o kēlā me kēia fullerene hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoheheʻe i loko o kēia mau mea hoʻoheheʻe:
| Mea hoʻoheheʻe | C60 (g/L) | C70 (g/L) |
|---|---|---|
| Toluene | 3 | 1.406 |
| Benzene | 1.5 | 1.3 |
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike he ʻelua ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o C60 ma mua o C70 i loko o toluene. I loko o benzene, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻokoʻa, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o C60.
- ʻAʻole piʻi mau ka solubility o nā fullerenes ʻelua i kou hoʻomehana ʻana i ka wai.
- E ʻike ʻoe i ka piʻi ʻana o ka solubility a puni ka mahana o ka lumi.
- Inā ʻoe e hoʻomehana hou aku i ka hopena, hoʻomaka nā fullerenes e puka mai i waho o ka wai.
- Hana ʻia kēia ma muli o nā loli i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā molekula a pehea lākou e launa pū ai me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe.
Manaʻo kōkua: Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻoheheʻe i ka fullerene hou aʻe, e hoʻāʻo e mālama i ka mahana kokoke i ka mahana o ka lumi.
He ʻokoʻa nā ʻano kino a me nā kemika o Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kēia mau ʻokoʻa e koho i ka mole kūpono no kāu papahana. ʻO ko lākou kūpaʻa, ka reactivity, a me ka solubility e pāʻani i kahi kuleana i ke ʻano o kāu hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.
Nā noi a me nā hoʻohana ʻana o Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70
Nā Hoʻohana Maʻamau o C60
E ʻike ʻoe ʻO Fullerene C60 i loko o nā lāʻau lapaʻau he nui a me nā noi uila. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, kōkua ʻo C60 i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā mea niho a hoʻolōʻihi iā lākou. Pale pū ia i nā maʻi a hōʻemi i ka mumū i loko o ka waha. Hiki i ka C60 ke lawe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o kou kino a hoʻokuʻu mālie iā lākou, kahi e kōkua ai i ka kuhikuhi ʻana i kekahi mau cell. Hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema iā C60 ma ke ʻano he antioxidant e hakakā i nā radical manuahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻelemakule a me nā maʻi. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ʻana i kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa a me nā maʻi lolo.
Eia kahi papa e hōʻike ana i ka pōmaikaʻi o C60 i nā kahua niho a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau:
| Ka Wehewehena Pōmaikaʻi | Nā kikoʻī |
|---|---|
| Nā Waiwai Mekanika | Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika o nā mea niho |
| Kāohi ʻana i ka maʻi | Hoʻopau i ka bacteria a me nā fungi i loko o ka waha |
| Ka Hoʻouna ʻana i nā Lāʻau Lapaʻau | Lawe a hoʻokuʻu i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i nā pūnaewele i manaʻo ʻia |
| Mea hoʻōla ʻona | Hoʻopau i nā radical manuahi |
| Ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā Implants | Hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o nā implants niho |
| Kāohi ʻana i ka mumū | Hoʻemi i ka pehu a me ka huhū |
Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa iā C60 i nā pūnaewele solar organik a me nā mea uila no ka mea he paʻa a kūpono hoʻi ke kumukūʻai.
Nā Hoʻohana Maʻamau o C70
He mau hoʻohana kūikawā ko Fullerene C70 ma muli o kona ʻano kūikawā a me nā waiwai. E ʻike ʻoe iā C70 i loko o nā cell solar holomua, kahi e omo ai i ka lā a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā cell. Hana maikaʻi pū ʻo C70 i nā photodetectors a me nā optics nonlinear, he mea nui ia no nā mea ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, kōkua ʻo C70 i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a hiki ke mālama i ka maʻi kanesa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mālamalama (photodynamic therapy). Hoʻohana kekahi mau mea hoʻonani iā C70 e lohi i ka ʻelemakule ʻana o ka ʻili.
Eia kekahi mau hoʻohana nui o C70:
- Nā pūnaewele lā organik kiʻekiʻe
- Nā mea ʻike kiʻi me ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe
- ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau photodynamic no ka maʻi kanesa
- Nā ʻōnaehana hoʻouna lāʻau lapaʻau
- Nā mea hoʻonani anti-kahiko
Ka hopena o nā ʻokoʻa ma nā noi
Hoʻopilikia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70 i ke ʻano o kāu hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou. He ʻano poepoe ko C60 a he kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi he mea maikaʻi loa ia no nā hoʻohana lapaʻau a me nā cell solar maʻamau. He ʻano lōʻihi ko C70 a omo i kahi ākea o ka mālamalama, no laila hana maikaʻi ia i nā cell solar kiʻekiʻe a me nā photodetectors.
Eia kahi papa e hoʻohālikelike ana i kā lākou kuleana i loko o nā cell solar:
| ʻAno Fullerene | Ka ʻĀpana Hoʻomoʻa Mālamalama | Ka Pono ma nā Kelepona Lā |
|---|---|---|
| C60 | Nā nalu ʻokoʻa | Ka pono maʻamau |
| C70 | ʻAno ākea | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana |
Hiki iā ʻoe ke koho iā C60 no ke kūpaʻa a me ke kumukūʻai. Hiki iā ʻoe ke koho iā C70 ke pono ʻoe i ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama a i ʻole nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā. Hāʻawi ʻo Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70 iā ʻoe i nā koho no nā papahana ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana he nui.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike he ʻokoʻa nā ʻano a me nā nui o Fullerene C60 a me Fullerene C70. Hōʻike ka papa ma lalo nei i nā ʻokoʻa nui:
| Palena | C60 | C70 |
|---|---|---|
| ʻAno | Pōʻai | ʻŌpae spheroid i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia |
| Helu ʻĀtoma Kalapona | 60 | 70 |
| ʻO ke kaulike | Kiʻekiʻe | Haʻahaʻa |
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kēia mau ʻokoʻa e kōkua iā ʻoe e koho i ka fullerene kūpono no kāu mau pono.
Nā nīnau i nīnau pinepine ʻia
He aha ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o Fullerene C60 a me C70?
ʻIke ʻoe he ʻano poepoe ko C60, ʻoiai ʻo C70 e like me ka oval. Hoʻopili pū ʻo C70 i ka mālamalama hou aku a pane maʻalahi.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana iā C60 a me C70 i ka lāʻau lapaʻau?
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā mea ʻelua i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Kōkua ʻo C60 i ka hakakā ʻana i nā maʻi a me ka ʻelemakule. Hana maikaʻi ʻo C70 i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Palekana anei ka lawelawe ʻana iā Fullerene C60 a me C70?
Pono ʻoe e komo i nā mīkina lima a me nā goggles. Palekana nā fullerenes ʻelua i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, akā e pale i ka hanu ʻana i ka lepo a i ʻole ka hoʻopā ʻana i kou ʻili.